1. Talking informally with students as they arrived for class. Expecting that students would participate and acting accordingly.
2. Arranging the classroom to encourage participation including putting chairs in a cluster or circle.
3. Using small group discussion, questioning, and writing to allow for non-threatening methods of student participation.
4. Giving students time to give responses, do not rush them.
5. Rewarding students for participating by praising them or paraphrasing what they say.
6. Reducing anonymity by introducing yourself and asking the students for their names. Ask the class to relate previous learning experiences as you do this.
7. Drawing the students into discussions by showing the relevance of their studies.
8. Allowing students time to ask questions at the end of class.
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